WEBVTT 1 00:00:01.740 --> 00:00:05.940 Jessica Sams: Alright, we should be connected. Yes, we are connected. I see. 2 00:00:06.540 --> 00:00:22.800 Jessica Sams: As resorting and as well first of all welcome to the next link time chat episode and David and for me right before we started recording that he was planning on hanging up on me several times during this call. 3 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:25.740 Jessica Sams: That is a pre planned thing. 4 00:00:26.550 --> 00:00:33.900 Jessica Sams: Or maybe, maybe that's what you said, or maybe what you really said was that your internet is spotty today and I'm just taking it personally. I don't know. 5 00:00:34.440 --> 00:00:40.620 David J. Peterson: What I'm, what I'm saying is, watch yourself. All right. You are already on thin ice. 6 00:00:41.490 --> 00:00:42.300 Jessica Sams: The tennis. 7 00:00:43.500 --> 00:00:43.830 Jessica Sams: If 8 00:00:44.610 --> 00:00:46.500 David J. Peterson: You think I forgotten about that. 9 00:00:46.500 --> 00:00:47.460 David J. Peterson: Diocese 10 00:00:48.420 --> 00:00:50.910 David J. Peterson: AJ aren't area sees that you want to know. 11 00:00:51.660 --> 00:00:56.280 Jessica Sams: What I was gonna say, Wait, that should be me upset with you because you took it away from me. 12 00:00:57.180 --> 00:00:59.340 David J. Peterson: Uh huh. And you were advocating for it. 13 00:00:59.700 --> 00:01:07.470 David J. Peterson: You have to back every single one of my decisions 100% and I have to back. None of yours. That's how this partnership. 14 00:01:09.210 --> 00:01:12.300 Jessica Sams: In fact, you find out what I want and then you start taking 15 00:01:13.980 --> 00:01:15.450 Jessica Sams: Central Valley. Oh, yeah. 16 00:01:16.650 --> 00:01:17.340 David J. Peterson: Oh, 17 00:01:18.030 --> 00:01:18.750 David J. Peterson: But we, man. 18 00:01:19.500 --> 00:01:22.530 Jessica Sams: You got yes I did get women only because I've lost 19 00:01:22.560 --> 00:01:25.500 Jessica Sams: Something else that's okay. That's okay. I do have, we must 20 00:01:27.450 --> 00:01:27.840 David J. Peterson: Hey, 21 00:01:28.080 --> 00:01:43.620 David J. Peterson: I've got it. I gotta pitch idea. Check this out. So replace Christmas with this you get gifts, but you also lose step of equal value and you open the gift. First, and it's very exciting. And then you go back to your room and you see, oh, oh. 22 00:01:44.190 --> 00:01:45.690 Jessica Sams: Maybe I shouldn't have traded 23 00:01:45.930 --> 00:01:46.170 But 24 00:01:47.370 --> 00:01:49.560 Jessica Sams: Is the question, though, do you get to pick what 25 00:01:49.890 --> 00:01:52.110 Jessica Sams: Is appearing or you just find out it's gone. 26 00:01:52.560 --> 00:01:56.910 David J. Peterson: No Santa brings the presence and then cramp is steals things from you. 27 00:01:57.750 --> 00:02:09.810 Jessica Sams: Well, I will say not quite the same, but when will was younger. We always knew around Christmas, he was going to be getting lots of toys because kids just collect toys from everybody in life. 28 00:02:10.290 --> 00:02:21.390 Jessica Sams: And so around Christmas, we would always have him go through and say, if you want new ones like if you want Santa to visit you have to give stuff away so give it up to donate before 29 00:02:21.510 --> 00:02:23.310 David J. Peterson: Christmas every. Hang on. 30 00:02:23.340 --> 00:02:26.250 David J. Peterson: Yeah, you're muted. I can't hear you. 31 00:02:27.570 --> 00:02:32.160 Jessica Sams: Oh, well I can hear me. Oh no, I see my microphone. 32 00:02:32.220 --> 00:02:33.270 David J. Peterson: Okay, are you what's 33 00:02:33.300 --> 00:02:33.720 Happened. 34 00:02:36.900 --> 00:02:37.290 David J. Peterson: Okay. 35 00:02:38.760 --> 00:02:40.410 Jessica Sams: Are you sure your air pods are working 36 00:02:42.060 --> 00:02:42.570 David J. Peterson: I mean, 37 00:02:43.830 --> 00:02:45.120 David J. Peterson: Not as far as I know. 38 00:02:46.140 --> 00:02:51.780 David J. Peterson: Okay, so we're going to do the rest of this podcast where I can't hear, Jesse. 39 00:02:52.290 --> 00:02:58.260 David J. Peterson: It says left battery at 98% right battery at 98% Wait, are you not recording 40 00:02:58.950 --> 00:03:01.320 Jessica Sams: I am there's a red dot. I'm ready. 41 00:03:01.350 --> 00:03:03.930 David J. Peterson: When you are recording. Yeah, I know we're all recording. Okay, that's good. 42 00:03:04.440 --> 00:03:05.400 David J. Peterson: I'm gonna try this again. 43 00:03:06.750 --> 00:03:07.140 David J. Peterson: Hello. 44 00:03:07.800 --> 00:03:08.370 Jessica Sams: Hello. 45 00:03:08.580 --> 00:03:12.150 David J. Peterson: It's like a hold on speaker. 46 00:03:13.500 --> 00:03:15.060 David J. Peterson: Let's try that Hulu. 47 00:03:15.720 --> 00:03:16.260 Jessica Sams: Hello. 48 00:03:17.100 --> 00:03:17.730 David J. Peterson: There you are. 49 00:03:18.270 --> 00:03:23.490 Jessica Sams: Okay, I was gonna say I haven't stopped my little microphone is showing the whole time that I've been talking 50 00:03:23.820 --> 00:03:26.850 Jessica Sams: So hopefully on the recording. Everybody hears me 51 00:03:27.300 --> 00:03:31.470 David J. Peterson: Yeah, I just like that. I mean, we're not going to edit this at all. 52 00:03:33.840 --> 00:03:37.980 David J. Peterson: And just because we are that lazy. Yeah, it's 53 00:03:38.430 --> 00:03:39.960 David J. Peterson: Hard Candy Christmas. 54 00:03:43.710 --> 00:03:46.440 Jessica Sams: quoting a Dolly Parton song. I love it. I am 55 00:03:47.790 --> 00:03:53.640 David J. Peterson: Ok ok that's small digression. This is the last one, I swear. What the hell is a hard candy Christmas. 56 00:03:55.590 --> 00:04:01.170 Jessica Sams: Well, I'm guessing based on context that it's a Christmas where that's all you get. 57 00:04:03.000 --> 00:04:12.930 Jessica Sams: Like your only gift as a piece of hard candy, because you just don't have enough money so it's like you only get these little things, but they mean so much because it's just you and your family. 58 00:04:13.710 --> 00:04:18.690 David J. Peterson: Okay, why did you choose hard candy. Because like that's that's the thing that people like. 59 00:04:19.860 --> 00:04:22.170 Jessica Sams: Well just second. What is a hard candy. 60 00:04:22.230 --> 00:04:30.180 David J. Peterson: Christmas. Yeah. So here's here's I it reminded me of the song Wonderwall by oasis. You know Wonderwall 61 00:04:30.960 --> 00:04:31.560 Jessica Sams: Of course, 62 00:04:31.920 --> 00:04:35.670 David J. Peterson: Okay, so the first many times I heard it. 63 00:04:36.690 --> 00:04:42.330 David J. Peterson: It was like, you have this course and label a nice things better than that. I just 64 00:04:42.630 --> 00:04:43.860 David J. Peterson: Want to throw a dig in. But 65 00:04:44.850 --> 00:04:56.370 David J. Peterson: You know, so, so, but maybe you're going to be the one that saves me. And after all, here comes the big payoff. You're my Wonderwall so you can tell us Wonderwall 66 00:04:56.940 --> 00:05:05.190 Jessica Sams: Right, you obviously I know. So it's like, is this. It's weird because it's like, this is the metaphor that's supposed to pay off where you're supposed to 67 00:05:05.250 --> 00:05:17.970 David J. Peterson: Get it that's going to make the whole song makes sense. And it's just nothing. It's like, I didn't get it at all. Now, it turns out that, of course, he was referring to a rare George Harrison album. 68 00:05:18.630 --> 00:05:19.830 Jessica Sams: Called one. Okay. 69 00:05:20.370 --> 00:05:30.810 David J. Peterson: And so that was what he meant it was kind of like your my, you know, rare find that that always makes me happier or, you know, something to that effect, but it was something real. 70 00:05:31.350 --> 00:05:43.140 David J. Peterson: Like it was just a name. We didn't know it's, it would be like it would be like, I don't know if I if I if I said to you, it's like, wow, you're my Dan Marley. Do you know who Dan Marley is 71 00:05:43.410 --> 00:05:59.910 David J. Peterson: No, no, see, so it means nothing to you, even though like Dan Marley, was he was a pretty big deal of my life. So then there was Wonderwall and it's like, well, if you don't, it just doesn't even sound like a name. Anyway, so I thought it meant nothing but it meant something so hard candy Christmas. 72 00:06:00.090 --> 00:06:02.430 Jessica Sams: So on the one hand, 73 00:06:02.700 --> 00:06:12.990 Jessica Sams: I was right because it says the phrase hard candy Christmas refers to a time when many families did not have much money and could only afford to give Penny Candy to their children. 74 00:06:14.490 --> 00:06:21.210 Jessica Sams: However, it's got a another meaning. On top of that, because what I didn't realize was that the song was actually written 75 00:06:21.240 --> 00:06:28.260 Jessica Sams: For and first performed in the Best Little Whorehouse in Texas and so 76 00:06:28.290 --> 00:06:40.620 Jessica Sams: The lyrics of the song. It says here, suggest the many choices and difficult decisions girls have to make as they move on, specifically as they're leaving because, well, I won't give any spoilers anyway. 77 00:06:41.010 --> 00:06:42.060 David J. Peterson: Yeah, because I still haven't seen it. 78 00:06:42.600 --> 00:06:43.860 Jessica Sams: You should, you should 79 00:06:44.880 --> 00:06:49.860 Jessica Sams: But I did not realize that it actually debuted and was written expressly for 80 00:06:50.250 --> 00:07:05.040 David J. Peterson: That movie that I didn't either. And, and now though so weird. We are given understand the hard candy. Christmas is a it's, it's something that people would have known like here's the song would have been like, oh yeah. 81 00:07:06.060 --> 00:07:06.540 Jessica Sams: Maybe 82 00:07:06.750 --> 00:07:16.050 Jessica Sams: I actually have no idea. I just always assumed that that's what it referred to, because I know from like Little House on the Prairie that they used to give fruit or candy for Christmas. And that was it. 83 00:07:16.560 --> 00:07:20.910 Jessica Sams: And so, like, to me, that was just like, oh, it's a hard candy Christmas. Like, that's all we can give 84 00:07:22.140 --> 00:07:22.380 David J. Peterson: Hmm. 85 00:07:22.890 --> 00:07:23.340 Jessica Sams: I don't know. 86 00:07:24.360 --> 00:07:29.880 David J. Peterson: See I when I was listening to it. The first time I thought it was gonna be Christmas like a hard candy and it's like 87 00:07:30.930 --> 00:07:34.530 David J. Peterson: Christmas that you kind of stuck on has good flavor. 88 00:07:35.760 --> 00:07:36.930 Jessica Sams: It's a peppermint stick 89 00:07:40.170 --> 00:07:43.530 Jessica Sams: That's what it is. Okay, we're gonna move on from there. 90 00:07:44.340 --> 00:07:48.510 Jessica Sams: Yes, um, today's topic we've been going for. 91 00:07:49.830 --> 00:08:01.830 Jessica Sams: Almost 10 minutes and don't have a topic for the day. Okay, so some of our listeners are in the United States, so you'll know about this holiday. 92 00:08:02.430 --> 00:08:13.320 Jessica Sams: Others are not and so you may not be aware of our holiday here in the United States that is still on the government books and like banks still get off and it is Columbus Day. 93 00:08:13.800 --> 00:08:20.880 Jessica Sams: Now mind you, Columbus Day is now kind of being taken over by a much better holiday, which is the 94 00:08:21.330 --> 00:08:29.940 Jessica Sams: National Indigenous peoples day. And so that's the one I'm choosing to celebrate today it is Monday, October 12, by the way, on the day of recording 95 00:08:30.420 --> 00:08:34.830 Jessica Sams: You won't hear it till November 1 but just understand that this is all very timely. 96 00:08:35.610 --> 00:08:55.440 Jessica Sams: But anyway, I'm assuming that because we're the same age that you had the same education. I did where like I learned a lot about Columbus and Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria you know 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue that whole thing. Yeah, but like you don't really learn 97 00:08:56.550 --> 00:09:03.180 Jessica Sams: About the people other than the fact that there were people that he missed named the Indians, because he thought he was in India, but like 98 00:09:04.290 --> 00:09:17.730 Jessica Sams: We never really learned about the people here other than just historical notes as as needed for the the colonization kind of history is that the same kind of education, you had 99 00:09:18.330 --> 00:09:23.100 David J. Peterson: Unfortunately, yes. Yeah, pretty much. I mean, did you make a boat. 100 00:09:24.330 --> 00:09:25.290 Jessica Sams: Oh, always 101 00:09:25.500 --> 00:09:31.920 Jessica Sams: Oh yeah, like it. Usually, it was like a newspaper boat that you actually like get to go outside and play and it was all exciting because 102 00:09:32.010 --> 00:09:48.240 Jessica Sams: We had school on it, but it was always like a free day where we got to like celebrate all day, and there are schools now that just get it off. There are like right now banks are off today and you know it's because on the calendar. It says Columbus Day, and it's like 103 00:09:48.270 --> 00:09:50.370 Jessica Sams: Yeah, such a bizarre. 104 00:09:51.420 --> 00:09:56.790 Jessica Sams: Day, it makes much more sense to celebrate the indigenous peoples. 105 00:09:58.050 --> 00:10:08.730 David J. Peterson: Yeah, no, but this actually might be interesting, especially for listeners outside of the United States. So part of what many, many young children do is 106 00:10:09.180 --> 00:10:23.340 David J. Peterson: You know, a quote unquote celebration of this holiday or just in learning about it is you make a boat. Usually it. So yeah, it can be at a newspaper. We also did it out of cardboard, not for sailing, but for making it look nice. 107 00:10:24.420 --> 00:10:30.210 David J. Peterson: And so, yeah, you just make a boat. That's like one of the boats that Columbus sailed on 108 00:10:30.330 --> 00:10:32.220 David J. Peterson: Where the Pilgrims sailed on 109 00:10:32.730 --> 00:10:42.930 David J. Peterson: Right and and you just make you know little models of them and so that'll be like your art project for a day or two, depending on how much effort is put into it. 110 00:10:44.610 --> 00:10:49.740 David J. Peterson: That's like one of the things that you remember your education. 111 00:10:50.490 --> 00:10:52.680 Jessica Sams: Well, in one of the 112 00:10:53.580 --> 00:10:54.090 Jessica Sams: One of the 113 00:10:54.750 --> 00:10:56.160 Jessica Sams: Codes. Right. 114 00:10:56.670 --> 00:11:00.840 Jessica Sams: One year. I think it was my eighth grade year, we actually got to do like 115 00:11:02.670 --> 00:11:10.920 Jessica Sams: It was like a NOT QUITE A silkscreen press, but it was that same kind of idea. And so everybody brought in a just a white t shirt or or 116 00:11:11.250 --> 00:11:21.300 Jessica Sams: You know, playing color shirt and we got to paint the the boat stencils on shirts and so that was like the big thing. So you had a shirt that you made with the three boats. Yeah. 117 00:11:21.630 --> 00:11:26.670 Jessica Sams: It was. I mean, like, Seriously though, like exactly what you're saying like this was a big deal. 118 00:11:27.690 --> 00:11:45.630 Jessica Sams: Still is in a lot of places because I know even when will was in daycare. He brought home macaroni art. That was the macaroni noodles for the ocean and then the three boats were on it. I mean like this. Still, we still make boats. We are obsessed with these freaking boats. 119 00:11:46.980 --> 00:11:47.460 Jessica Sams: So, 120 00:11:49.710 --> 00:11:52.770 Jessica Sams: Welcome to America where 121 00:11:53.340 --> 00:11:54.660 Jessica Sams: Celebrate boats. 122 00:11:56.520 --> 00:12:02.100 Jessica Sams: Okay. So in honor of what I'm calling the actual holiday. 123 00:12:02.940 --> 00:12:03.300 Hmm. 124 00:12:04.440 --> 00:12:10.950 Jessica Sams: I have selected three languages that were spoken by indigenous people of 125 00:12:12.030 --> 00:12:20.910 Jessica Sams: Oh, I'm going to go ahead and restrict it. I'm telling you now because it's going to be some rounds of name that language. I'm going to give you facts and you're gonna have to tell me what language. 126 00:12:21.360 --> 00:12:37.050 Jessica Sams: I'm talking about. Okay. Um, but I am I did restrict it to continental United States territory and so that automatically takes out a lot of language families that would be saying Alaska or 127 00:12:37.320 --> 00:12:40.410 Jessica Sams: Hawaii. So like we're really just waiting to my favorites. 128 00:12:40.560 --> 00:12:42.390 David J. Peterson: To my favorites that I know a lot about 129 00:12:42.420 --> 00:12:57.120 Jessica Sams: Thing. Well, you're welcome. One of the reasons, by the way, I restricted, it is because I'm going to hopefully save enough time at the end that you can teach me something about Hawaii. And because I know that that is a language that you 130 00:12:58.530 --> 00:13:10.920 Jessica Sams: know stuff about and it's a language that I just find so beautiful and so I was like, well, at the end, David can tell me about a language. And so I had already thought through that, which is why I took 131 00:13:10.920 --> 00:13:13.950 David J. Peterson: Hawaii out of it. Okay, so 132 00:13:15.510 --> 00:13:28.770 Jessica Sams: There are others, though. And I did. They were only languages that I could find information about. They're all on walls and so that also tells you a little bit more. Because obviously there's tons of languages that it could be 133 00:13:29.130 --> 00:13:35.010 Jessica Sams: But I did like I wasn't trying to be mean. And like stumped. David on a podcast. 134 00:13:36.030 --> 00:13:36.330 Jessica Sams: You know, 135 00:13:36.360 --> 00:13:37.680 David J. Peterson: Probably do it anyway. 136 00:13:39.180 --> 00:13:41.190 Jessica Sams: Well, because there's a lot of languages and 137 00:13:41.250 --> 00:13:43.080 Jessica Sams: What I'm going to do is give you 138 00:13:43.650 --> 00:13:48.990 Jessica Sams: Features so type illogical features from balls and I'm going to wait. 139 00:13:50.880 --> 00:13:57.240 Jessica Sams: This is the part of the game. By the way, where I keep going back and forth. I'm like, should I give him the family in genus 140 00:13:57.240 --> 00:14:05.400 Jessica Sams: Up front but then I think for some of them that may narrow it down so much that you already know the language before having to listen to any facts. 141 00:14:06.180 --> 00:14:08.220 Jessica Sams: Okay, so I think what I'm going to do. 142 00:14:08.250 --> 00:14:08.820 David J. Peterson: Is 143 00:14:09.030 --> 00:14:12.870 Jessica Sams: On the first one we're going to see how it goes. We're rolling with the punches today. 144 00:14:12.870 --> 00:14:13.560 Jessica Sams: Everyone. Yeah. 145 00:14:13.920 --> 00:14:24.060 Jessica Sams: I'm going to read the facts first and then I'm going to tell you the family and genus and if at any point, you're like, Oh no, I already know the language, feel free to guess. 146 00:14:25.530 --> 00:14:29.070 Jessica Sams: And then I also have web sites pulled up in case you need to ask more questions. 147 00:14:29.580 --> 00:14:30.330 David J. Peterson: Okay, cool. 148 00:14:31.650 --> 00:14:34.980 Jessica Sams: So language. Number one, and we're going to have three languages, by the way. 149 00:14:35.010 --> 00:14:36.000 Just so that way you know 150 00:14:37.320 --> 00:14:41.040 Jessica Sams: What's going on, and I'm trying to position my document so I can still see you 151 00:14:42.480 --> 00:14:44.850 Jessica Sams: Doesn't matter to anybody else but me, but 152 00:14:45.330 --> 00:14:48.240 Jessica Sams: That's nice to see what you're thinking. 153 00:14:48.450 --> 00:14:49.620 David J. Peterson: I'd like to see me too. 154 00:14:53.700 --> 00:14:55.620 Jessica Sams: We have already established this 155 00:14:57.120 --> 00:14:59.550 Jessica Sams: Alright so this language. 156 00:15:00.660 --> 00:15:01.230 Jessica Sams: Are you ready 157 00:15:01.740 --> 00:15:01.890 David J. Peterson: Yeah. 158 00:15:02.490 --> 00:15:12.870 Jessica Sams: This language has a moderately large consonant inventory, but a small vow inventory, with only in between two or four unique foul. 159 00:15:13.830 --> 00:15:34.920 Jessica Sams: Qualities in it, which means that has a high, consonant, vowel ratio because a lot more consonants and vowels. It does have a voice in contrast and frickin lives, but not in places and it's voiceless stop series includes aspirated on aspirated and objective phone names. 160 00:15:36.270 --> 00:15:42.090 Jessica Sams: It's syllable structure is moderately complex and it has simple tones. 161 00:15:43.830 --> 00:15:56.820 Jessica Sams: So that's some information about it sounds. And by the way, like I was kind of excited to see moderately complex. The last syllable structure which connects to are hopefully going to be complex, a little 162 00:15:56.820 --> 00:16:09.990 Jessica Sams: Structure of our language coming up. I also found it interesting that there's no voice. In contrast, in the closest but it does have the aspiration and aspirated and objectives that I was like, Oh, this is good. 163 00:16:10.800 --> 00:16:17.670 David J. Peterson: Okay, see the only tone language. I know for sure. I'm pretty sure it's not it because it has for open syllables. 164 00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:24.720 David J. Peterson: I think there were any tone languages in the Pacific Northwest, but I would be 165 00:16:26.070 --> 00:16:29.880 David J. Peterson: I'd be surprised. I know I wouldn't be surprised. 166 00:16:32.550 --> 00:16:33.660 David J. Peterson: Can you give me something else. 167 00:16:34.350 --> 00:16:37.170 Jessica Sams: Oh, I've got that was just the sound facts. 168 00:16:37.560 --> 00:16:38.070 David J. Peterson: Okay get 169 00:16:38.100 --> 00:16:40.350 Jessica Sams: Ready for the more fo syntactic facts. 170 00:16:40.560 --> 00:16:40.950 David J. Peterson: Got it. 171 00:16:41.730 --> 00:16:53.190 Jessica Sams: This language has SOV word order with post positions and while it's adjectives appear after nouns. It's demonstrative appear before nouns. 172 00:16:53.580 --> 00:16:55.140 David J. Peterson: That's nice to know that. 173 00:16:55.230 --> 00:16:57.450 David J. Peterson: That's it's nice to know that happens. Sorry. Good. 174 00:16:57.930 --> 00:17:10.050 Jessica Sams: Exactly right. Like, I thought that was cool. It has a very large system for contrast in its demonstrative systems, so much so that I have a whole article pulled up about it because this is something we're gonna have to talk about 175 00:17:10.740 --> 00:17:19.290 Jessica Sams: So it's a, at least based on what I can understand it ranked on walls in the five or more way contrast system. 176 00:17:20.220 --> 00:17:26.220 Jessica Sams: Based on what I can find. There are at least six ways that it splits for its demonstrative 177 00:17:26.820 --> 00:17:39.420 Jessica Sams: And then like the different kinds of inflections that go on it, make it look like there's like 20 different ways. Anyway, so this is something we're going to talk more about although the language is a strong prefixes language. 178 00:17:39.840 --> 00:17:54.960 Jessica Sams: It has plural suffixes for its nouns on its verbs you mark both the A and P arguments with the P argument being marked before the A argument. So looking at that sort of Agent patient terminology there. 179 00:17:55.740 --> 00:18:04.500 Jessica Sams: And verbs can inflict for situational and epistemic possibility and it's nouns, do not have any tastes marking. 180 00:18:05.880 --> 00:18:17.010 Jessica Sams: This language differentiates the competitive from the instrumental and denounce race coordination. It's word for and is identical to that competitive with which 181 00:18:17.490 --> 00:18:21.180 David J. Peterson: Nice. Isn't that something that we did. Yes, it is. It's all I was very 182 00:18:21.180 --> 00:18:22.470 Jessica Sams: Excited. I was like, 183 00:18:22.620 --> 00:18:23.070 Yay. 184 00:18:24.540 --> 00:18:25.740 Jessica Sams: That is nice to have. 185 00:18:27.360 --> 00:18:35.760 Jessica Sams: In terms of semantics, the word for finger in hand, are the same, but the word for hand and arm are different. And this language has a 186 00:18:35.790 --> 00:18:39.000 Jessica Sams: Decimal numeral based system. So nothing like 187 00:18:39.060 --> 00:18:39.450 Jessica Sams: You know, 188 00:18:40.080 --> 00:18:40.530 In God 189 00:18:43.200 --> 00:18:45.330 Jessica Sams: Alright, so those are my facts. 190 00:18:47.040 --> 00:18:47.970 And then 191 00:18:49.170 --> 00:18:50.760 Jessica Sams: I'm going to tell you the family. 192 00:18:51.930 --> 00:18:59.670 Jessica Sams: Okay, and then I can give you the genus as well within the family, the larger family, though, and I'm hoping I'm saying this right is not in a 193 00:19:01.320 --> 00:19:04.260 Jessica Sams: In a hyphen D and E 194 00:19:06.390 --> 00:19:08.430 David J. Peterson: I certainly know that family. Keep going. 195 00:19:09.270 --> 00:19:11.220 Jessica Sams: It's genus is Athabaskan 196 00:19:15.510 --> 00:19:16.500 Jessica Sams: Within that family. 197 00:19:17.520 --> 00:19:17.970 David J. Peterson: All right. 198 00:19:20.040 --> 00:19:22.650 David J. Peterson: I'm willing to commit. Give it to me. What is it, 199 00:19:23.820 --> 00:19:24.360 Jessica Sams: Mr. Whoa. 200 00:19:25.110 --> 00:19:27.930 David J. Peterson: No. Okay. Not always tonal 201 00:19:28.710 --> 00:19:33.570 Jessica Sams: It has simple tones. That's what it says in walls. That's how it's categorized. 202 00:19:34.290 --> 00:19:35.730 David J. Peterson: How on earth. 203 00:19:36.990 --> 00:19:45.270 Jessica Sams: So here's one thing before we talk about us demonstrative. This is a paragraph, I found from from its Wikipedia page. 204 00:19:46.020 --> 00:19:52.800 Jessica Sams: Everything I just read, by the way, with some walls. And so, you know, a verified things but this paragraph, I found really interesting 205 00:19:53.520 --> 00:19:59.130 Jessica Sams: It says in terms of basic word order Navajo has been classified as subject, object for right 206 00:19:59.730 --> 00:20:13.320 Jessica Sams: However, some speakers order the subject and object based on noun ranking and in this system nouns are ranked into three categories humans, animals inanimate objects. 207 00:20:13.650 --> 00:20:24.960 Jessica Sams: And within those categories nouns are ranked by strength size and intelligence, whichever of the subject or object has a higher rank appears first in the sentence structure. 208 00:20:25.260 --> 00:20:45.090 Jessica Sams: As a result, the agent of an action may be syntactically ambiguous because it may be the object but show up first in the sentence structure and so linguist, including a Louise Jelinek consider Navajo to be a discourse configuration language in which the word order is 209 00:20:45.090 --> 00:20:50.220 Jessica Sams: Not fixed by syntactic rules but determined by pragmatic factors in the communicative 210 00:20:50.220 --> 00:20:51.060 Context. 211 00:20:52.470 --> 00:20:56.400 David J. Peterson: It's not an inverse system. Yeah, so like 212 00:20:57.810 --> 00:20:58.890 David J. Peterson: Not. Yes. Wow. 213 00:20:59.730 --> 00:21:08.700 David J. Peterson: That's really so the inverse system for those listening is is one where the arguments are always ranked by animosity. 214 00:21:09.270 --> 00:21:21.990 David J. Peterson: And it is always assumed that the more highly animate argument is the agent and when it is not there is some sort of either a verb modification or a particle that tells you that the opposite thing is true. 215 00:21:22.650 --> 00:21:27.990 David J. Peterson: In this case, it sounds like there is this kind of animist the system that is optional. 216 00:21:29.040 --> 00:21:34.320 David J. Peterson: That that speakers will use, but there's no inverse marker to help you out it right 217 00:21:34.620 --> 00:21:40.530 David J. Peterson: It kind of reminds me of Japanese where it's like, oh yeah, Japanese is super pro drop. But there's no 218 00:21:40.710 --> 00:21:42.240 David J. Peterson: Marketing whatsoever. 219 00:21:42.300 --> 00:21:44.400 David J. Peterson: Right, you do it. You just know 220 00:21:44.910 --> 00:21:46.920 Jessica Sams: You can carry that well in that 221 00:21:46.980 --> 00:21:56.220 Jessica Sams: Too. Because, which is why I think I don't think there's any sort of strategy for the inverse marketing because it does say it would be syntactically ambiguous at that point. 222 00:21:56.580 --> 00:22:06.090 Jessica Sams: Yeah. And as a reminder, back to the facts. I read, there's no case marking. So it's not like there's even case marking on on the subject or object of really help you out. 223 00:22:06.660 --> 00:22:17.400 Jessica Sams: You could, it would disambiguate though if because it does Mark for both subject and object on the verb. It does have that by personal marketing and so like 224 00:22:17.760 --> 00:22:30.510 Jessica Sams: I would imagine that that would help out in some cases, but it's not always because, I mean, some of them are going to carry similar you know it's going to be third person singular for both of them and you still have to figure out which one's subject or object so 225 00:22:32.340 --> 00:22:37.830 Jessica Sams: That I just I just found that really interesting. I didn't know that about Navajo I 226 00:22:37.890 --> 00:22:38.310 Wonder. 227 00:22:39.570 --> 00:22:52.170 David J. Peterson: You have to do some sort of a probiotic study of it if there was some sort of prosthetic weight you give into it if the, if there was a mismatch. That would be interesting to look at. 228 00:22:52.230 --> 00:22:53.340 Jessica Sams: That's really right. 229 00:22:53.550 --> 00:23:00.150 Jessica Sams: Right. Yeah. And I also in. So I'm going to share a screen right now with David we're recording this through. 230 00:23:00.180 --> 00:23:01.890 Jessica Sams: Zoom and so 231 00:23:03.840 --> 00:23:18.270 Jessica Sams: For for eventually when videos are released. Other people will see this but this is actually the spatial terms that I was talking about with those demonstrative because I was looking it up to find more information about it because I was just really interested in such a large 232 00:23:19.350 --> 00:23:29.460 Jessica Sams: Have so many, so many different distinctions that could be made. And so here's what I mean when, like I say there are technically six ways but 233 00:23:29.970 --> 00:23:41.790 Jessica Sams: It's also each spatial term ends up getting split up into whether it's here. They're nearby or there. So for instance, since you're not seeing the screen in the podcast right now. 234 00:23:42.240 --> 00:23:54.240 Jessica Sams: We're looking at six different words for here. And so one means here at this location or point in time, one means here. This way around here or here about 235 00:23:55.080 --> 00:24:02.820 Jessica Sams: But there's another one. That also means here here about around here and they give this whole paper is just about trying to figure out when to use one versus another. 236 00:24:03.960 --> 00:24:18.900 Jessica Sams: There's a fourth term that means right here, or at this place close at hand. Another one that means here at this place and then yet another that says here at this place or point in time, which very much overlaps with the first one I read 237 00:24:20.070 --> 00:24:21.690 Jessica Sams: So six different words. 238 00:24:23.490 --> 00:24:35.760 Jessica Sams: And yeah, it's very intense. And so this entire really this entire article and I can link to it when I actually post this and Patreon. I'll link to this article. 239 00:24:36.780 --> 00:24:51.900 Jessica Sams: Because they argue that really, it's like if you look at the number of terms for these demonstrative it's incredibly overwhelming, but they show that there's a sort of topology and a sense to it and like they even give you like these tables. 240 00:24:52.230 --> 00:24:53.100 Jessica Sams: To do like 241 00:24:53.790 --> 00:24:58.440 Jessica Sams: You know, you have this particular prefix means this particular thing. 242 00:24:59.250 --> 00:25:13.380 Jessica Sams: And it has this you know proximate or distal kind of feature. So anyway, it's like, it's sort of a mix and match bag if you will have like six or seven different features being coded and you put the features together to get the meaning that it creates 243 00:25:14.520 --> 00:25:30.210 Jessica Sams: But I'm just, I was blown away because like when I think of demonstrative I think have to weigh three way distinction, maybe for away but like I don't. I've never actually created a con line with more than a three way distinction 244 00:25:30.630 --> 00:25:39.270 David J. Peterson: And this is this is a three way distinction. Right. It's just a three a three way distinction on top, right, that has more distinctions as you get further down 245 00:25:39.300 --> 00:25:49.470 Jessica Sams: Within it, which I found interesting because walls specifically codes it as a five or more way distinction, so I don't know within walls because unfortunately with 246 00:25:50.430 --> 00:25:58.410 Jessica Sams: The information on walls, you can tell, like how it's coded, but you don't know the specifics about it. They just tell you like it fits in this feature. 247 00:25:58.890 --> 00:26:13.440 Jessica Sams: And so I wanted to, like, I didn't have enough time to really read through this whole article, but I wanted to see because down below it late in the conclusion they specifically say it is a six way distinction, but I can't figure out exactly how 248 00:26:16.170 --> 00:26:23.220 Jessica Sams: In terms of how they're they're doing that. So this is just something that I need to read more about 249 00:26:25.410 --> 00:26:28.620 Jessica Sams: I just found it. Cool. Have you ever made anything with a large 250 00:26:28.650 --> 00:26:30.330 Jessica Sams: Distinction and income links. 251 00:26:33.540 --> 00:26:35.460 David J. Peterson: I mean, probably, I just don't remember. 252 00:26:39.060 --> 00:26:41.370 Jessica Sams: The problem when you make too many complaints. 253 00:26:42.000 --> 00:26:45.660 David J. Peterson: I mean, yeah, that's exactly what I done 254 00:26:48.840 --> 00:26:49.530 David J. Peterson: Goodness. 255 00:26:50.370 --> 00:26:57.330 Jessica Sams: So yeah, that's and also one of the reasons that I have long been fascinated by Navajo specifically 256 00:26:58.380 --> 00:27:09.390 Jessica Sams: Is because I did, we did learn a little bit more about the Navajo people in history in my history classes, you know, K through 12 kind of education. 257 00:27:10.830 --> 00:27:22.800 Jessica Sams: Partially because of world war two and the Navajo code. Code Talkers. The wind talkers and so like that to me. I found really really interesting, especially given the fact that they like 258 00:27:23.850 --> 00:27:38.310 Jessica Sams: They had Navajo speakers put these military terms into Navajos. And not only did you have to be able to speak Navajo which like nobody could break that code in the first place. But then if you actually translated it it was things like 259 00:27:39.390 --> 00:27:47.940 Jessica Sams: The word for like a certain kind of armored vehicle was actually they called it a turtle because it had like a show on it. And so like they use Navajo words that 260 00:27:48.600 --> 00:27:56.220 Jessica Sams: Even if you knew what they were saying. You still had to match them to what they actually meant in the sort of army lingo. And so anyway, like 261 00:27:56.640 --> 00:28:07.980 Jessica Sams: If you don't know anything about the Navajo Code Talkers. I highly suggest looking it up because I found that really, really interesting. And it made me more interested in knowing about the language, even as a, as a young scholar. 262 00:28:09.270 --> 00:28:13.740 Jessica Sams: Although I still obviously don't know everything about it. 263 00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:16.560 David J. Peterson: I think so, yeah, I mean go 264 00:28:16.830 --> 00:28:20.040 Jessica Sams: Ahead. Oh, thank you. Do a lingo has a Navajo course, I believe. 265 00:28:20.310 --> 00:28:22.170 David J. Peterson: Yes, it does. Yes, it does. 266 00:28:24.120 --> 00:28:25.320 Jessica Sams: The owl on your shirt. 267 00:28:25.890 --> 00:28:26.580 Jessica Sams: Yeah. 268 00:28:27.030 --> 00:28:28.740 David J. Peterson: No, but like I wonder how they do it. 269 00:28:30.240 --> 00:28:39.420 David J. Peterson: I have to give that a look because I've always wondered how they do the highly lucrative ones, at least for the verbs. How would you teach that 270 00:28:40.140 --> 00:28:42.450 Jessica Sams: I had to go. Good. That's a good question. Yeah. 271 00:28:43.350 --> 00:28:44.160 And 272 00:28:45.180 --> 00:28:51.090 Jessica Sams: Speaking of language with interesting verbs. Let's go on to language to 273 00:28:52.260 --> 00:28:52.500 David J. Peterson: Alright. 274 00:28:52.560 --> 00:29:02.100 Jessica Sams: Alright so here are the facts about this language, and of course if you're listening along at home, try to play along and figure out which language. I'm talking about 275 00:29:03.930 --> 00:29:16.200 Jessica Sams: Oh, and I will say, I'll give this little hint I did choose for my three languages. I chose from different geographical regions, just so that way I could kind of spread out across the country. Okay. 276 00:29:17.070 --> 00:29:26.760 Jessica Sams: So this language has an average consonant inventory and an average value inventory leaving it with a moderately high consonant to value ratio. 277 00:29:27.600 --> 00:29:33.870 Jessica Sams: It has voicing contracts in the frickin lives, but does not have any voice. In contrast, in places. 278 00:29:34.590 --> 00:29:53.100 Jessica Sams: And it's voiceless stop series also includes aspirated on aspirated and objective stops. So, so far, those features are in line with Navajo it contrasts though oral and nasal Val qualities. It's syllable structure is complex and it does not have any tune 279 00:29:54.540 --> 00:29:58.860 Jessica Sams: This language is also SOV word order with post positions. 280 00:30:00.270 --> 00:30:08.220 Jessica Sams: It's adjectives appear after nouns as well. But it's demonstrative can actually appear before or after noun. So there are some sort of 281 00:30:08.640 --> 00:30:21.420 Jessica Sams: Grammatical considerations that have to be made, which I'd have to look into more to understand what they are. It's numbers appear after noun. So if you're counting nouns, it would be dogs three just like dogs. Beautiful. 282 00:30:23.070 --> 00:30:30.060 Jessica Sams: And it has a three way distinction and it's demonstrative system it's pronouns do not carry any gender distinctions 283 00:30:30.780 --> 00:30:44.820 Jessica Sams: And it's nouns have very few inflections. So for instance, it does not work for case and even plurality is indicated on its own word rather than as any sort of a fix or other marketing on the noun itself. 284 00:30:45.570 --> 00:31:06.180 Jessica Sams: On the other hand, it's verbs can be marked for upwards of 10 to 11 inflections, and yet it has no past tense or future tense for its for marketing and it has no grammatical marketing for perfect or imperfect of aspects. So all those inflections things 285 00:31:07.710 --> 00:31:15.540 Jessica Sams: And this language uses productive full and partial re duplication and differentiates committed to from instrumental 286 00:31:17.100 --> 00:31:18.780 Jessica Sams: It's family. 287 00:31:20.010 --> 00:31:23.940 Jessica Sams: Is suing. And it's genus is course suing 288 00:31:26.160 --> 00:31:27.540 David J. Peterson: Lakota yeah 289 00:31:29.250 --> 00:31:32.640 Jessica Sams: Indeed, see, I didn't want to give family away first because it's like 290 00:31:32.670 --> 00:31:33.000 David J. Peterson: Sure. 291 00:31:33.030 --> 00:31:34.080 Jessica Sams: See when languages. 292 00:31:35.460 --> 00:31:36.480 Jessica Sams: Would you have guessed. 293 00:31:36.780 --> 00:31:40.650 David J. Peterson: Well, speaking of a language. I thought I knew a little bit about cheese. 294 00:31:42.270 --> 00:31:52.410 Jessica Sams: Isn't that. Okay. And so here I've got a couple of things that I actually copied again from the Wikipedia article, sometimes they have really good sources on there. 295 00:31:53.850 --> 00:31:54.660 Jessica Sams: But 296 00:31:55.080 --> 00:32:04.650 Jessica Sams: Two of the things about the birds because verbs in particular. I was like, okay, I need to figure out what all these inflection all possibilities are if it's not doing what I would think of for verb inflections 297 00:32:05.280 --> 00:32:13.170 Jessica Sams: And so it says that one set of more fields indicate person and number of the subject of active verbs. 298 00:32:13.500 --> 00:32:25.950 Jessica Sams: And then they have a different set of morphine that agree with the object of transitive action verbs or the subject of state of verbs and so that seems to be potentially kind of tripartite kind of system. 299 00:32:26.610 --> 00:32:27.660 Jessica Sams: The way that's broken out 300 00:32:28.290 --> 00:32:43.920 Jessica Sams: It says that most of those more themes are prefixes but plural subjects are marked with a suffix and third person plural objects within in fix. And I was like, what, and they giving samples to these paradigms, but I was like oh my gosh, I would 301 00:32:44.970 --> 00:32:48.000 Jessica Sams: It would take me forever to figure out how to say a statement and Lakota 302 00:32:49.320 --> 00:32:53.520 Jessica Sams: First Person arguments may be singular dual or plural. 303 00:32:54.750 --> 00:33:04.380 Jessica Sams: But second, and third person arguments are only either singular or plural. And then there are also a number of in clinic particles that followed the verb. 304 00:33:04.830 --> 00:33:22.410 Jessica Sams: Which many of which actually differ depending on whether the speaker is male or female. And so be included. So rather than an inflection necessarily marked on the verb. The end clinics or what would then differentiates certain aspects and moods and things like that. 305 00:33:23.910 --> 00:33:39.030 Jessica Sams: And they also the interactive in clinics, they actually show finer distinctions in meaning and so they have one that's just the usual question marking in clinic. But then a different one for rhetorical questions and one for 306 00:33:39.750 --> 00:33:48.120 Jessica Sams: Do you potato live like a tag question in English do potatoes. Where do we get these words in linguistics. 307 00:33:49.170 --> 00:33:50.790 David J. Peterson: Derivative, it comes from doubt. 308 00:33:51.630 --> 00:33:58.290 Jessica Sams: Right. But like, why not just call it the doubtful WHA instead of deep additive while 309 00:33:59.430 --> 00:34:00.540 David J. Peterson: The doubtful. 310 00:34:02.580 --> 00:34:07.320 Jessica Sams: The end of the actual including is was so that's where I got that from but it's just 311 00:34:07.410 --> 00:34:11.880 Jessica Sams: Interesting to me how we come up with these. Okay. But anyway, so that that 312 00:34:15.540 --> 00:34:28.170 Jessica Sams: That is such a perfect one to for marketing doubt. Um, so yeah, so that is the information on Lakota. Now, you said you you thought you knew. Did you study Lakota or 313 00:34:29.010 --> 00:34:30.120 David J. Peterson: Not super a lot 314 00:34:31.530 --> 00:34:36.390 David J. Peterson: But I was familiar with it from. Well, of course, but this book has its own kind of 315 00:34:37.680 --> 00:34:54.900 David J. Peterson: Controversial history doesn't it Black Elk speaks really really enjoyed that book, which features you know Lakota in it. But then at the same time, it was supposed to be taking on the story as remembered by, you know, very old man at that point blackout. 316 00:34:57.090 --> 00:35:00.480 David J. Peterson: Taken down by somebody else and then 317 00:35:02.730 --> 00:35:17.340 David J. Peterson: Okay, I can't remember exactly what it was, but the sense was that they both of them. Understood. I kind of what the purpose was. And so it was more like he was recounting his own history, but perhaps kind of like 318 00:35:19.830 --> 00:35:29.010 David J. Peterson: guiding it in a certain way as to, like, as to make a point. Anyway, so it's it's accuracy is in doubt, but 319 00:35:30.540 --> 00:35:33.330 David J. Peterson: I mean, before I knew that I thought it was really amazing. 320 00:35:35.580 --> 00:35:36.990 Jessica Sams: So I 321 00:35:37.350 --> 00:35:38.190 Jessica Sams: I didn't actually 322 00:35:38.910 --> 00:35:42.960 Jessica Sams: Really yeah yeah um 323 00:35:43.380 --> 00:35:44.490 Jessica Sams: And I didn't 324 00:35:44.730 --> 00:35:45.600 Jessica Sams: Take it. 325 00:35:47.430 --> 00:35:51.390 Jessica Sams: When I was in Colorado, but one of the scholars on Lakota is David rude. 326 00:35:51.810 --> 00:35:55.830 Jessica Sams: And he was teaching at University of Colorado, while I was there. 327 00:35:56.250 --> 00:35:58.830 Jessica Sams: And so when he did field methods. 328 00:35:58.920 --> 00:36:04.680 Jessica Sams: He used the Lakota speaker and so students were working on Lakota when they did it. Now, I 329 00:36:05.220 --> 00:36:12.690 Jessica Sams: Took my field methods class and in case any of you are unfamiliar field methods as a course. What, what it does is a speaker will come in. 330 00:36:13.080 --> 00:36:22.560 Jessica Sams: And as students, you have to elicit data. And so it's meant to mimic field work but you know obviously in a classroom setting where somebody's helping guide you through like 331 00:36:22.920 --> 00:36:27.240 Jessica Sams: Whether. These are good questions to be asking or how to form questions and 332 00:36:28.230 --> 00:36:42.480 Jessica Sams: So anyway, when I took it. I actually didn't have it when David taught it. I had it when signet phrasing or thought it and he brought in a speaker of a language called Cafe. No, no, which is spoken in parts of Ethiopia and so 333 00:36:43.170 --> 00:36:45.570 Jessica Sams: Which was a fascinating language. So like I'm 334 00:36:45.840 --> 00:36:54.600 Jessica Sams: Totally fine with that. It's just it I didn't get the Lakota experience that so many other people who went to see you had because they did take it with a different 335 00:36:55.260 --> 00:36:56.460 David J. Peterson: Should have taken it again. 336 00:36:57.900 --> 00:37:01.410 Jessica Sams: Yeah, but when you're counting hours and trying to get a certain 337 00:37:04.140 --> 00:37:10.470 Jessica Sams: Trying to get a certain number of classes taken under certain prefixes and whatnot. You know, sometimes that just doesn't 338 00:37:10.470 --> 00:37:10.980 Yeah. 339 00:37:13.050 --> 00:37:14.100 Jessica Sams: Because yeah, I was actually 340 00:37:14.130 --> 00:37:19.080 David J. Peterson: I don't know anything about the sun language you you've taken. You've, you've been holding out on me again. 341 00:37:21.300 --> 00:37:24.150 Jessica Sams: We we apparently have to talk more about my grad school work. 342 00:37:25.680 --> 00:37:34.380 Jessica Sams: Yeah, it was very interesting class obviously very challenging if you've never thought about trying to do any sort of field methods or field work. 343 00:37:35.580 --> 00:37:43.530 Jessica Sams: It's, it's difficult to try to figure out, like, what, what data to elicit to figure out patterns, without making too many big assumptions. 344 00:37:44.550 --> 00:37:54.810 Jessica Sams: Because then the next thing you know you you think you know what certain markers, but then you're totally wrong because you just assumed that it was like how English categorizes things. It's just, you know, 345 00:37:54.840 --> 00:37:56.070 Jessica Sams: It's just really interesting 346 00:37:56.640 --> 00:38:05.550 David J. Peterson: Well, I mean, another way to go about it though is to start with, you know, start with making assumptions, but keeping an open mind, you know, 347 00:38:05.970 --> 00:38:16.620 David J. Peterson: So it's almost like, here is my assumption based on everything I've ever seen. I, I assume this let's try to elicit some data that would show that that's false. 348 00:38:17.220 --> 00:38:17.700 David J. Peterson: Round. 349 00:38:18.090 --> 00:38:24.060 David J. Peterson: You know, and then. But of course, you know, the more data you can get, the more helpful it is because 350 00:38:25.980 --> 00:38:28.620 David J. Peterson: Figuring out the right questions is sometimes hard 351 00:38:29.640 --> 00:38:30.060 Jessica Sams: Right. 352 00:38:31.140 --> 00:38:42.780 David J. Peterson: By the way, this, this, this should be this should be a future episode of this where we we talk about grad school. It could be, it could be called mistakes we made 353 00:38:45.300 --> 00:38:47.010 Jessica Sams: What mistakes did I make 354 00:38:48.600 --> 00:38:49.170 David J. Peterson: I mean, 355 00:38:50.040 --> 00:38:52.290 David J. Peterson: By your degree obviously none. 356 00:38:55.200 --> 00:38:56.430 David J. Peterson: But you could humor me 357 00:38:57.840 --> 00:39:00.000 Jessica Sams: Yes, yes, good humor. 358 00:39:01.590 --> 00:39:11.760 Jessica Sams: Now I actually, I feel very lucky. And this is a conversation for another day. But I do feel very lucky because like the exact year that I came in. 359 00:39:12.360 --> 00:39:21.690 Jessica Sams: And started doing specifically started working on doctoral level classes was like the one year span where they actually offered these 360 00:39:22.140 --> 00:39:33.210 Jessica Sams: More advanced like semantics and syntax courses that normally weren't offered and so like I got to take these classes that people who had been there for years, couldn't take and I was actually only at 361 00:39:34.050 --> 00:39:41.610 Jessica Sams: The University taking classes for three years. And so I managed to like get all these classes, other people are like, 362 00:39:41.940 --> 00:39:57.570 Jessica Sams: I've been waiting for years for that to come up. So I was very, very lucky with how just the timing played out. I'm trying to think. And that is right. I would have only 344 or 556 and then we would have moved 363 00:39:58.860 --> 00:40:00.420 David J. Peterson: Did you finish your degree remotely. 364 00:40:01.440 --> 00:40:07.710 Jessica Sams: Yeah, because we move to Buffalo. So Chris, could start his PhD and so I 365 00:40:08.010 --> 00:40:10.950 David J. Peterson: I mean, three years to we were there for the exact same three years. 366 00:40:12.540 --> 00:40:12.870 David J. Peterson: I mean, 367 00:40:12.900 --> 00:40:14.760 David J. Peterson: Oh wow, different school, of course. 368 00:40:16.650 --> 00:40:18.900 Jessica Sams: Right. And I'm trying to 369 00:40:20.880 --> 00:40:29.190 Jessica Sams: For some reason. The math doesn't feel like it's working. But that has to be right and wow this is such an interesting thing to be doing on a podcast, because 370 00:40:29.610 --> 00:40:42.660 Jessica Sams: Yeah, like I'm literally just counting on my fingers to figure out what year was there. So, I'm sorry, but at the same time. I'm like, wait, 344556 I must have been there for six, seven. So for four years. 371 00:40:44.970 --> 00:40:49.260 Jessica Sams: Doing coursework. It's just some of my coursework. I had to do independent studies because 372 00:40:50.670 --> 00:40:51.330 Jessica Sams: I had a child. 373 00:40:53.220 --> 00:41:09.030 Jessica Sams: So I wasn't on campus. So that's why I was thinking that part of the time was I was gone there. Okay, that's all. Neither here nor there. That's another day's discussion, we'll talk grad school and just dive in on that another day. We have one more language. 374 00:41:09.180 --> 00:41:11.610 Jessica Sams: Before you teach me some Hawaii, Ian. 375 00:41:12.570 --> 00:41:15.540 Jessica Sams: Okay, okay, this language. 376 00:41:17.280 --> 00:41:25.860 Jessica Sams: Flip from the others has a small consonant inventory, with an average value inventory. So it actually has a low, consonant, vowel ratio. 377 00:41:26.970 --> 00:41:35.970 Jessica Sams: It does not have any voice. In contrast, in either places or forgives and it contrasts Orland nasal vows, but 378 00:41:36.960 --> 00:41:52.770 Jessica Sams: Only for two. So it only has two nasal vowels that are from the mic and interestingly enough there at that sort of made height. So they're the end all are the two that can be nasal nothing else, and not be a 379 00:41:54.030 --> 00:41:57.510 David J. Peterson: Yes, yeah vs and me versus 380 00:41:58.470 --> 00:41:59.700 Jessica Sams: Exactly and 381 00:41:59.730 --> 00:42:01.320 Jessica Sams: The rest of them are not phony MC 382 00:42:02.790 --> 00:42:19.200 Jessica Sams: It does not have any tone and it stresses a weight sensitive system that is right oriented, so it appears, and one of the last three syllables of the word with or so. Yeah. One of the last three syllables in the word with a lambic rhythm. 383 00:42:20.310 --> 00:42:24.750 Jessica Sams: And so it's not always consistent which syllable because its weight sensitive 384 00:42:25.500 --> 00:42:25.860 David J. Peterson: Hmm. 385 00:42:26.340 --> 00:42:40.770 Jessica Sams: And this language has no dominant word order something we're going to talk more about because I actually found this really interesting paragraph about that and is a nominative accusative language. It does not inflict for past 386 00:42:40.770 --> 00:42:45.300 Jessica Sams: Tense but it does have an inflection for future tense. 387 00:42:46.320 --> 00:42:48.270 Jessica Sams: This language has three genders. 388 00:42:49.410 --> 00:42:54.000 Jessica Sams: And it's word for finger in hand, are the same, but the word for hand and arm are different. 389 00:42:55.380 --> 00:42:56.970 Jessica Sams: This one I have less information on 390 00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:01.290 Jessica Sams: I forgot to tell you the family. 391 00:43:03.210 --> 00:43:10.110 Jessica Sams: This will help, but there will still be some bigger languages that you could know from within it the family is your coin. 392 00:43:10.710 --> 00:43:11.130 David J. Peterson: Go. 393 00:43:11.790 --> 00:43:14.340 Jessica Sams: And genus is Northern Iroquois and 394 00:43:19.200 --> 00:43:23.010 Jessica Sams: And I have a personal connection with this one to you based on where I've lived 395 00:43:24.090 --> 00:43:24.810 David J. Peterson: Right. 396 00:43:25.380 --> 00:43:31.320 Jessica Sams: Because this language would have been spoken in areas for one of the places where I lived. 397 00:43:32.670 --> 00:43:33.540 Long Beach. 398 00:43:39.150 --> 00:43:39.690 Jessica Sams: The country. 399 00:43:40.950 --> 00:43:46.860 David J. Peterson: No, said like I i have to say this one has me absolutely buffalo. 400 00:43:48.480 --> 00:43:49.920 Jessica Sams: Oh, but 401 00:43:49.950 --> 00:43:50.820 You use 402 00:43:52.590 --> 00:43:53.670 Jessica Sams: For the place 403 00:43:55.440 --> 00:43:59.040 Jessica Sams: And there's really no way I can give another clue without just saying 404 00:43:59.040 --> 00:44:00.180 David J. Peterson: Yeah, sure. 405 00:44:00.240 --> 00:44:00.720 Jessica Sams: It is 406 00:44:00.840 --> 00:44:01.650 Seneca 407 00:44:03.660 --> 00:44:13.260 Jessica Sams: And so there are a lot of in the buffalo area like there's Seneca Falls and there's a lot of like cinema good names that pop up and so 408 00:44:14.220 --> 00:44:23.160 Jessica Sams: I had seen the name and what I didn't realize until I had done more research on it was. I didn't realize that Seneca was actually one of the languages of the euro coin and people's 409 00:44:25.080 --> 00:44:31.410 Jessica Sams: Probably because anytime I ever read about your coin or your coin people 410 00:44:32.190 --> 00:44:42.420 Jessica Sams: It's always presented in our history books as like one group, right, like so. I think until I research more I thought that you're a coin was just like 411 00:44:42.930 --> 00:44:51.900 Jessica Sams: There would be one euro coin language or something like that, right, like I just thought of them as one group. And actually there are seven pretty 412 00:44:53.490 --> 00:44:57.930 Jessica Sams: Okay, I won't say big, but there are like seven different languages that I had at least heard of 413 00:44:58.590 --> 00:45:13.800 Jessica Sams: Associated in this Uruguayan family. And so just another way that our history books like totally butcher, the way we learn history because it like fails to distinguish the fact that it's not just like one group of people. It's actually multiple 414 00:45:15.270 --> 00:45:29.130 Jessica Sams: multiple groups. And so this one because it's got that no dominant word order. And so here's something I found out about it because what two things, really. So I'm going to read you two paragraphs. 415 00:45:29.820 --> 00:45:33.990 Jessica Sams: And then one I'm going to screen share because I have to show you this beautiful table. Okay. 416 00:45:35.010 --> 00:45:49.080 Jessica Sams: I'm like, I'm so excited. Okay, so, Seneca has no dominant word order. Unfortunately, on the Wikipedia article they say no free word order which I can have another discussion on that entirely for why I 417 00:45:49.260 --> 00:45:49.890 Jessica Sams: Like that. 418 00:45:50.010 --> 00:45:51.600 Jessica Sams: You know, if the whole free word order thing. 419 00:45:52.050 --> 00:45:52.500 Yeah. 420 00:45:53.550 --> 00:46:05.100 Jessica Sams: Rather new information appears first in a cynic a sentence. So when a noun is judged by the Speaker to be more newsworthy than a verb in the same sentence, it's likely to appear before the verb. 421 00:46:06.330 --> 00:46:18.900 Jessica Sams: If it doesn't hold that relevance, though it typically follows the verb particles. The only cynical words that cannot be classified as nouns are verbs appear to follow the same ordering paradigm 422 00:46:19.800 --> 00:46:35.040 Jessica Sams: And so I found that interesting in terms of, you know, the newsworthiness and relevance to the situation, but also that that little line right there that particles are the only cynical words that cannot be classified as nouns or verbs. 423 00:46:35.520 --> 00:46:39.420 Jessica Sams: I find that fascinating. And I want to know more about that and see if it's actually 424 00:46:40.200 --> 00:46:54.000 Jessica Sams: This may be, this may be why they have some amazing derivations and so I'm like, I'm now inspired and we need to figure out how to get some of these derivations just hooked into the possum language or something. 425 00:46:55.530 --> 00:47:09.750 Jessica Sams: So a noun can be incorporated into a verb base by placing it before the middle voice or reflexive prefix. So there's like all these different ways that you can actually incorporate even nouns into the verbs and Seneca 426 00:47:10.470 --> 00:47:23.130 Jessica Sams: And then they have derivation of suffixes that can be added at the end of a base noun to alter the meaning of the verb that it's incorporated in and I'm going to share this table. 427 00:47:24.690 --> 00:47:44.040 Jessica Sams: And again from Wikipedia. Therefore, I need to find more information about it because you always got to verify. But they've got just this beautiful set of derivation or suffix is not all of them. This is just some examples. And of course, they all have wonderful names like ambulatory 428 00:47:45.180 --> 00:47:45.990 Jessica Sams: Additive 429 00:47:47.640 --> 00:47:49.980 Jessica Sams: Facilitated facilitated 430 00:47:51.870 --> 00:48:03.840 Jessica Sams: However, you say that, but they've got these great names and they give you know like kind of very specific meanings like the ambulance to suffix says that this happens while walking 431 00:48:05.760 --> 00:48:12.630 Jessica Sams: Or the additive, it indicates the agent travels to a different location to perform the action like how handy, is that 432 00:48:14.430 --> 00:48:17.370 Jessica Sams: All. There's even one that indicates the event is imminent. 433 00:48:18.660 --> 00:48:26.160 Jessica Sams: It's going to happen, which they call additive plus purposive, how would you say that purpose of purpose you 434 00:48:26.940 --> 00:48:27.840 David J. Peterson: Know purpose of 435 00:48:28.560 --> 00:48:31.680 Jessica Sams: It sounds more fun to say propulsive so let's do it. 436 00:48:32.190 --> 00:48:35.580 David J. Peterson: I suppose also more fun to say a fix. I suppose 437 00:48:36.750 --> 00:48:39.510 Jessica Sams: You don't. You don't like a fix you like affix don't you 438 00:48:39.960 --> 00:48:40.410 Yeah. 439 00:48:41.700 --> 00:48:49.800 Jessica Sams: Which you would think with my, my love for the ash. But for some reason, I always say a fix. And I don't know if it's because 440 00:48:52.500 --> 00:48:55.110 David J. Peterson: What's that the band a fixed when 441 00:48:56.100 --> 00:48:58.710 Jessica Sams: No, but but 442 00:48:59.040 --> 00:49:13.740 Jessica Sams: I think it's because in class. Whenever I'm trying to distinguish for my students, the larger category like I really stress the a fix because I'm trying to get them to remember how to write it and spell it. I don't know why I don't just say affix 443 00:49:13.830 --> 00:49:14.460 Jessica Sams: I don't know. 444 00:49:15.990 --> 00:49:18.180 Jessica Sams: I don't know, but you also 445 00:49:18.330 --> 00:49:19.410 David J. Peterson: I mean it is right. 446 00:49:19.890 --> 00:49:21.090 David J. Peterson: Ah, fix 447 00:49:21.180 --> 00:49:22.110 Jessica Sams: All fix 448 00:49:22.620 --> 00:49:24.930 Jessica Sams: But I also feel like at this point. 449 00:49:25.020 --> 00:49:28.200 Jessica Sams: People know that I just say words, the way I say them. 450 00:49:28.680 --> 00:49:30.450 Jessica Sams: Yeah, so there you go. 451 00:49:31.080 --> 00:49:33.660 David J. Peterson: Yeah, so these are these are verb. 452 00:49:34.740 --> 00:49:35.790 David J. Peterson: Prefixes right 453 00:49:36.600 --> 00:49:42.870 Jessica Sams: So they according to this, they're added at the end of a base noun, but 454 00:49:43.200 --> 00:49:45.510 Jessica Sams: Ok inside a verb. 455 00:49:47.550 --> 00:49:48.270 David J. Peterson: Yeah. 456 00:49:49.170 --> 00:50:01.230 Jessica Sams: That's what these are, but it's just, it's such a beautiful LIST, THERE'S THERE'S A reverses, you know, kind of like our own, an English benefactor distributed just all these 457 00:50:02.520 --> 00:50:03.690 Jessica Sams: Wonderful. 458 00:50:04.470 --> 00:50:12.390 Jessica Sams: Little derivations. And so this could be why it's claimed that there's only nouns, verbs and particles, because if you have 459 00:50:12.840 --> 00:50:26.220 Jessica Sams: These kinds of derivations which would take over a lot of sort of adverb kind of things like I could see that they would also have a very rich sense of derivations to indicate more adjectives. These type things. 460 00:50:26.850 --> 00:50:36.720 David J. Peterson: Yeah, there is. There is so much in what I'm seeing and everything you've said that are just to MIT. To my mind, the hallmarks of Miss analysis. 461 00:50:37.800 --> 00:50:39.840 Jessica Sams: OK, OK. And it may be 462 00:50:41.220 --> 00:50:41.700 David J. Peterson: We need is 463 00:50:41.790 --> 00:50:42.990 Jessica Sams: We need a this is 464 00:50:43.200 --> 00:50:44.850 David J. Peterson: We did grammar this language. 465 00:50:44.940 --> 00:50:46.590 David J. Peterson: This, this looks really cool. 466 00:50:47.640 --> 00:51:02.400 Jessica Sams: I, you know what, actually, after we're done talking. I'm going to see if I can find any freely available PDF kind of grammars that I could put up for these three languages in particular, like I know Navajo has a lot more 467 00:51:02.880 --> 00:51:09.450 Jessica Sams: Out about it because there is a lot more information. And like I said, do a lingo. You can take a course that 468 00:51:10.650 --> 00:51:15.810 Jessica Sams: Lakota I know has a lot of information. But I don't know how much of it is electronically available. 469 00:51:16.320 --> 00:51:21.270 Jessica Sams: And I don't know much about Seneca, so like that is. Yeah, this one. 470 00:51:22.320 --> 00:51:26.490 David J. Peterson: I'm going to spend some time looking at that. That's really cool. 471 00:51:27.390 --> 00:51:36.360 Jessica Sams: So, but even if it's Miss analysis, even if, like there's some great derivations and 472 00:51:36.750 --> 00:51:43.200 Jessica Sams: Didn't get around in in in gala. We didn't get around to making too many derivation. So like, I'm hoping this time we have more time. 473 00:51:44.700 --> 00:51:45.630 Jessica Sams: To get into that. 474 00:51:45.990 --> 00:51:53.850 David J. Peterson: It's kind of, it's kind of a weird thing because it's like, that's part of the fun but you know there's so much pressure to fill out the grammar and because 475 00:51:54.360 --> 00:51:55.800 David J. Peterson: Yeah, we're watching and yapping 476 00:51:58.050 --> 00:52:10.560 Jessica Sams: Yes. And it's also difficult because when you are trying to do things like incorporate specific name forums like to get, like, some of them. Luckily it came through like being able to get like the tendency Bay. 477 00:52:10.980 --> 00:52:17.220 Jessica Sams: Where it's like that collective their rubbish. You know, like so, some of them, it was, it was more easily done. 478 00:52:19.140 --> 00:52:24.570 Jessica Sams: But sometimes it's also hard when you're trying to get words that you can say sentences, not necessarily 479 00:52:25.050 --> 00:52:28.800 Jessica Sams: Yeah. What are some nuances that we could build into the derivations 480 00:52:29.310 --> 00:52:34.980 David J. Peterson: And plus you sometimes you just want to spend time with those things. It's hard to do that type of thing, but I 481 00:52:35.040 --> 00:52:38.370 Jessica Sams: Don't think people just want to look at us, staring at our computer screens. 482 00:52:39.210 --> 00:52:39.630 David J. Peterson: I do 483 00:52:40.650 --> 00:52:41.040 David J. Peterson: But 484 00:52:42.480 --> 00:52:56.850 David J. Peterson: So I should be clear when I say that when I say that there are lots of things in there that I think they look this analyze. First of all, I don't know, you got to look at it. Second of all, I mean, it's never the data that's wrong. The data is never wrong. 485 00:52:57.150 --> 00:52:57.600 Right. 486 00:52:58.920 --> 00:53:01.260 David J. Peterson: It's, it's the linguists 487 00:53:02.340 --> 00:53:05.610 David J. Peterson: We're, we're up to monkey business like like 488 00:53:05.850 --> 00:53:07.470 David J. Peterson: Like the Darling ever wrong. 489 00:53:07.830 --> 00:53:21.390 David J. Peterson: Like the Darling, you know, Wikipedia article that states that like English has seven different Horta tubes and it's also the language that so happens to distinguish each of those separate seven different alternatives. It's like 490 00:53:21.420 --> 00:53:24.270 Jessica Sams: I think they took that down now and I'm actually going to 491 00:53:24.450 --> 00:53:24.600 Jessica Sams: Be 492 00:53:25.380 --> 00:53:27.600 David J. Peterson: A better half that was 493 00:53:28.920 --> 00:53:34.950 Jessica Sams: Because I swear, we had this conversation before when we were talking about the horn. 494 00:53:35.820 --> 00:53:39.180 Jessica Sams: Yeah. And I was like, I'm pretty sure they have fixed that. 495 00:53:40.950 --> 00:53:53.190 David J. Peterson: It's just like, sometimes you see these things in grammars where it says, Look, there are seven things that this language distinguishes. And it just so happens that only the language. I'm studying distinguishes it and I get to come up with terms for it. 496 00:53:53.430 --> 00:53:55.620 David J. Peterson: It's like, huh, huh. 497 00:53:55.770 --> 00:53:58.020 Jessica Sams: Okay, so it appears 498 00:54:00.060 --> 00:54:11.850 Jessica Sams: That they still do say that we have quite a few of them. But I think it's expressed better. So for instance, 499 00:54:15.060 --> 00:54:18.210 Jessica Sams: They give examples of, like, let us 500 00:54:18.720 --> 00:54:39.870 Jessica Sams: Go vs have got to express obligation and a lot of these are like each it starts getting into. We just got so many paragraphs that constructions in English that it's so hard for me when people want to label it as, you know, this is operative. This is imperative. This is where additive 501 00:54:42.510 --> 00:54:47.160 Jessica Sams: I don't know, a lot of it's just how we use these but I'm also I was 502 00:54:47.160 --> 00:54:51.360 Jessica Sams: Also educated at a construction grammar institutions. So, you know, 503 00:54:52.620 --> 00:54:54.360 David J. Peterson: Well, in terms of construction. 504 00:54:55.140 --> 00:55:04.140 David J. Peterson: It would be kind of like, I mean, it's just the type of bizarre thing where you say that you know English is the only language that has a a commentated counterfactual 505 00:55:04.620 --> 00:55:05.280 David J. Peterson: Which is 506 00:55:05.340 --> 00:55:14.280 David J. Peterson: A which is a special verb form that is only used by sports commentators when narrating high lights. 507 00:55:15.450 --> 00:55:18.810 David J. Peterson: Where it's a special use of the present tense. 508 00:55:19.290 --> 00:55:21.300 David J. Peterson: To indicate a counterfactual 509 00:55:21.780 --> 00:55:31.170 David J. Peterson: But again, only sports commentators and only when narrating highlights and it's just like, Well, I'm not sure that you've discovered a new grammatical category there. 510 00:55:32.760 --> 00:55:33.000 David J. Peterson: It's 511 00:55:33.030 --> 00:55:34.050 David J. Peterson: Just a way that 512 00:55:35.310 --> 00:55:35.640 David J. Peterson: You know, 513 00:55:35.700 --> 00:55:36.420 Jessica Sams: That we've agreed. 514 00:55:36.810 --> 00:55:37.590 Jessica Sams: To mark these 515 00:55:37.620 --> 00:55:38.010 Yeah. 516 00:55:39.420 --> 00:55:47.040 Jessica Sams: So okay, so I did not leave as much time as I thought if we're going for our normal our range but like i would love 517 00:55:47.190 --> 00:55:47.730 Jessica Sams: To know 518 00:55:48.030 --> 00:55:49.530 Jessica Sams: A little something about Hawaii and 519 00:55:50.730 --> 00:55:58.980 David J. Peterson: Yeah. Oh, sorry. I, I often forget that we're supposed to keep this to a certain time. But then we also have things to do. 520 00:55:59.730 --> 00:56:01.410 Jessica Sams: You know that too. So 521 00:56:02.010 --> 00:56:02.400 Jessica Sams: You know I 522 00:56:02.430 --> 00:56:03.150 David J. Peterson: keep forgetting. 523 00:56:04.140 --> 00:56:09.540 David J. Peterson: But yeah, I mean, do you know most of the, the basic stuff about Hawaiian 524 00:56:10.230 --> 00:56:26.280 Jessica Sams: So one of the main features that always comes up in my mind when I think of the language is the fact that it has very few consonants and its vowels can differentiate for length. This, I believe, like there's long and short. 525 00:56:26.280 --> 00:56:27.210 Jessica Sams: By chance, 526 00:56:27.300 --> 00:56:27.600 Okay. 527 00:56:28.710 --> 00:56:32.070 David J. Peterson: That you wouldn't know that if you got the first teacher self book that I got. 528 00:56:32.550 --> 00:56:32.940 Jessica Sams: Oh, no. 529 00:56:33.300 --> 00:56:37.350 David J. Peterson: No. Oh, it was, it was a doozy. They just 530 00:56:37.380 --> 00:56:40.140 David J. Peterson: Didn't even acknowledge that there were long vowels in Hawaiian 531 00:56:40.350 --> 00:56:42.450 David J. Peterson: Because I guess they thought you would just know 532 00:56:43.530 --> 00:56:44.820 Jessica Sams: It out. It's is 533 00:56:45.210 --> 00:56:48.570 David J. Peterson: Elsa didn't always write the glottal stop. Only certain time. 534 00:56:48.660 --> 00:56:50.280 David J. Peterson: Oh yeah, it's 535 00:56:50.400 --> 00:56:51.120 Jessica Sams: gotten better. 536 00:56:51.690 --> 00:56:52.410 Jessica Sams: Yeah yeah 537 00:56:52.470 --> 00:56:56.970 David J. Peterson: So Hawaiian exists in this group with pollination. That's very 538 00:56:56.970 --> 00:56:58.200 David J. Peterson: Similar to 539 00:57:00.090 --> 00:57:07.530 David J. Peterson: romance in that if you look at the various Romance languages. It's very clear, you're basically looking at the same language with 540 00:57:07.680 --> 00:57:10.560 David J. Peterson: Differing you know grammatical features. And then, you know, 541 00:57:10.890 --> 00:57:13.080 David J. Peterson: Different phonological features. 542 00:57:14.430 --> 00:57:14.880 David J. Peterson: So, 543 00:57:16.020 --> 00:57:19.500 David J. Peterson: If you look at Hawaiian and Tongan and Samoan 544 00:57:20.610 --> 00:57:29.850 David J. Peterson: And Maori you'll see basically the same language with with with with with minor grammatical and lexical variations 545 00:57:31.020 --> 00:57:38.250 David J. Peterson: But, and each of them does have a small continent inventory. It's just a matter of how they do it. 546 00:57:40.860 --> 00:57:48.240 David J. Peterson: You should isn't isn't in there. So it's like if you look at the the proto language, or at least that the proto form proto politician, right. 547 00:57:48.690 --> 00:58:03.210 David J. Peterson: The the the continent inventory it distinguished R amp L it distinguished and an angle it distinguished S f and h. And then it also had a PT and k and a glottal stop. 548 00:58:05.460 --> 00:58:11.010 David J. Peterson: And all of the various Polynesian languages have done different things. 549 00:58:11.370 --> 00:58:11.820 David J. Peterson: To them. 550 00:58:13.530 --> 00:58:24.150 David J. Peterson: So it's like if you look at Maori it merged l&r but it merged it into our Hawaiian had a lot of mergers. So what happened is why and merged R and L and L. 551 00:58:25.380 --> 00:58:30.840 David J. Peterson: Hawaiian deleted. It's globules completely 552 00:58:31.380 --> 00:58:33.480 David J. Peterson: Which was one of the huge things 553 00:58:33.990 --> 00:58:44.460 David J. Peterson: For Hawaiian so it deleted. It's glottal stop and and deleted its global frickin have just completely gone and that left a gap and that initiated a pool chain. 554 00:58:45.240 --> 00:58:48.060 David J. Peterson: So what happened was the absence of the glottal stop. 555 00:58:48.330 --> 00:59:01.380 David J. Peterson: Allowed the K to drift backwards and K drifted backwards to the glottal stop and allowed tea to drink backwards to K and leaving a blank spot at T. There are certain dialects of wine that's still have tea. 556 00:59:02.700 --> 00:59:12.960 David J. Peterson: As an alternate for 4K, but the lane one has split it. And that's where the pool chain stopped. So it didn't pull P back to tea or anything like that. 557 00:59:13.950 --> 00:59:20.820 Jessica Sams: Did the same thing happened to happen with the frickin lives because another thing that I do know about Hawaii. 558 00:59:21.270 --> 00:59:36.930 Jessica Sams: IS that medically key maka is literally Merry Christmas, but rendered in the sounds that they have available to them in the language. And so, like all the SS are gone. And so that interesting. Okay. 559 00:59:37.050 --> 00:59:42.810 David J. Peterson: It should have been. I mean, in my opinion, it might. Did I should say that yes 560 00:59:43.500 --> 00:59:46.110 David J. Peterson: That's okay. Since we have Lee edit this podcast fuel and 561 00:59:48.900 --> 00:59:53.910 David J. Peterson: I would have done it as merely car leaky Maha 562 00:59:54.480 --> 01:00:08.490 David J. Peterson: Okay, but I don't know. I guess the, I guess the core. Well, it was an old sound change. And so really what they're trying to get is the core analogy of the S. 563 01:00:08.520 --> 01:00:09.330 Jessica Sams: Yeah yeah 564 01:00:09.480 --> 01:00:10.950 David J. Peterson: In the, in the best you can do with that. 565 01:00:12.300 --> 01:00:22.080 David J. Peterson: Well, preserving the voiceless. Mrs. K. It's a little bit further forward than ah but s and F in Hawaiian merged into he after he was deleted. 566 01:00:22.560 --> 01:00:36.510 David J. Peterson: Okay. And so that's what left it so sparse and so like you get something like in Samoan is a low fat for lover. Hello. And so it becomes Aloha and hope in Hawaiian 567 01:00:38.250 --> 01:00:43.080 David J. Peterson: By the way, with that promo sound in there. Isn't it kind of close to love a lot 568 01:00:43.170 --> 01:00:43.770 Jessica Sams: I think so. 569 01:00:44.040 --> 01:00:44.730 Jessica Sams: I think so. 570 01:00:44.940 --> 01:00:49.620 Jessica Sams: And in fact, I'm pretty sure that that means that it was English at some point. 571 01:00:52.710 --> 01:00:54.300 Jessica Sams: Love it when people like try to make 572 01:00:54.300 --> 01:01:00.690 Jessica Sams: Yeah, like there was one argument that bask was related to, I think it was like Bantu languages. 573 01:01:00.720 --> 01:01:03.570 Jessica Sams: Because the word for water with similar and 574 01:01:03.720 --> 01:01:08.730 Jessica Sams: You know, like as linguists, we're all just like shaking our heads like what, why wait and 575 01:01:08.760 --> 01:01:16.650 Jessica Sams: That would be similar, where it's like, oh no. Oh, it must have been related to, you know, all these English words in 576 01:01:17.850 --> 01:01:23.760 David J. Peterson: A pro a pro forma proto form for i in in Hawaiian is ma 577 01:01:24.270 --> 01:01:29.880 David J. Peterson: Ma TA, which is identical to Mata for i in Greek. 578 01:01:30.390 --> 01:01:32.940 Jessica Sams: And so, so it's obviously yes agree. 579 01:01:33.030 --> 01:01:33.930 The world well 580 01:01:35.550 --> 01:01:41.280 Jessica Sams: Okay. So does that mean that the word for i in Hawaiian is maka 581 01:01:41.910 --> 01:01:43.080 Jessica Sams: Yes. Okay. 582 01:01:43.680 --> 01:01:44.100 David J. Peterson: There you go. 583 01:01:45.840 --> 01:01:55.290 David J. Peterson: Yeah. And so, Hawaii, and of course did does have the long and short Val distinction. It got more long vowels though after the 584 01:01:56.370 --> 01:02:03.180 David J. Peterson: After the model deletion. Okay. Also lot also a lot more Vivi sequences, but 585 01:02:03.360 --> 01:02:05.790 David J. Peterson: Were they were identical. It resulted in 586 01:02:05.940 --> 01:02:06.630 long vowels. 587 01:02:08.310 --> 01:02:16.440 David J. Peterson: Yeah, but then in terms of grammatical quality wine is wonderful in that it's so it's a verb initial language. It's the so 588 01:02:17.070 --> 01:02:29.010 David J. Peterson: And the only time you see mixed up with that are in two scenarios one where there's negation, where the navigator is pulled out in front. And it's very similar to what we did in a gala. So it's like 589 01:02:29.340 --> 01:02:31.440 David J. Peterson: A gator now for now. 590 01:02:32.520 --> 01:02:40.560 David J. Peterson: And then a class of verbs called low other herbs, which are verb, which are essentially 591 01:02:41.820 --> 01:02:50.970 David J. Peterson: It's a very small class of verbs, but it's like ordinarily what you have with a transitive verb in Hawaiian is a verb, noun. He. Noun 592 01:02:52.650 --> 01:03:02.070 David J. Peterson: Just the sound. He is just a little particle and it's just it's a preposition that comes before objects, but also indirect objects. 593 01:03:03.480 --> 01:03:16.920 David J. Peterson: With these lot of herbs you get a verb like low and it's that verb, noun a noun. And then the EP down is the agent. Where's the first patient 594 01:03:18.690 --> 01:03:23.550 David J. Peterson: Yeah. So it's pretty cool, but it's it's really, it really is just a small class of verbs that you just have to memorize 595 01:03:24.600 --> 01:03:31.770 Jessica Sams: Do any of them have any semantic kind of distinctions, or is it literally just random 596 01:03:32.160 --> 01:03:34.800 David J. Peterson: Know you can you could tell like if you look at the 597 01:03:34.860 --> 01:03:39.990 David J. Peterson: Most of the verbs like, oh yeah, that makes a lot of sense. These form kind of a natural class, except for the verb. 598 01:03:40.200 --> 01:03:45.660 David J. Peterson: Law, which means like to steal or to take or something. It's seems very 599 01:03:47.070 --> 01:03:48.810 David J. Peterson: It's a very odd for that one. 600 01:03:50.400 --> 01:03:58.440 David J. Peterson: So I'm a Hawaiian, of course, makes heavy use of both partial and full rich application for many different purposes. 601 01:04:00.360 --> 01:04:14.250 David J. Peterson: To the extent that they don't even list all of them in the dictionary, they are. It's just like, or the definition of this will just be for duplication at this you have to go and figure out how it's how it means 602 01:04:14.340 --> 01:04:14.970 Jessica Sams: Right. 603 01:04:15.030 --> 01:04:23.970 David J. Peterson: How the reunification affected it, which is kind of annoying. I prefer that they just say it like, especially now the digital age. We're not hurting for space here. 604 01:04:25.290 --> 01:04:33.780 David J. Peterson: And then two of the more complex things in terms of the, I'll give you three three complex things in terms of wine and grammar. 605 01:04:34.800 --> 01:04:45.270 David J. Peterson: Because they have they distinguish lucidity for the first person nouns and there's singular and plural plural pronouns and that's cool. And then it has 606 01:04:46.470 --> 01:04:48.000 David J. Peterson: It does have definite articles. 607 01:04:49.140 --> 01:04:59.700 David J. Peterson: So it has a singular definite article and then a plural definite article plural definite article, I think, is used just for all plurals and then also has an indefinite article. So that's kind of 608 01:05:00.210 --> 01:05:08.520 David J. Peterson: Very English It's like, it's like, yeah, it's familiar, but the three most difficult things for me are one is 609 01:05:10.350 --> 01:05:14.940 David J. Peterson: The verbs are often used in conjunction with a post verbal element. 610 01:05:16.290 --> 01:05:18.480 David J. Peterson: And they are both integrated into the 611 01:05:18.810 --> 01:05:33.420 David J. Peterson: Larger TMA system, but also sometimes they're much more or derivation will where there are directional. So you have to learn the directional and kind of learn how they're used, and that's a lot of memorization and so that can be difficult. 612 01:05:34.410 --> 01:05:45.780 David J. Peterson: To is the causative prefix, which has many different forms. It can be ha is going to be hot, hot, cold, cold or or and so on. 613 01:05:46.800 --> 01:05:52.050 David J. Peterson: And so a lot of different very similar obviously phonological a dependent alternates that you have 614 01:05:52.080 --> 01:05:53.070 Jessica Sams: Right, right. 615 01:05:53.880 --> 01:06:03.690 David J. Peterson: And the causative prefix is used a ton. And it's not always just basically causative so it's a tiger, then we just have to learn. It's like, what 616 01:06:04.230 --> 01:06:04.980 David J. Peterson: What it means 617 01:06:05.040 --> 01:06:10.980 David J. Peterson: A lot of memorization like that kind of similar to Russian perfect prefixes. 618 01:06:12.600 --> 01:06:25.740 David J. Peterson: And then there is the passive suffix. The passive suffix attaches directly to an old route into that means that a consonant, that is no longer there will reappear sometime 619 01:06:26.460 --> 01:06:29.970 David J. Peterson: Okay, so you just have to memorize, which it is, and then 620 01:06:30.030 --> 01:06:31.860 Jessica Sams: Second feel like can we step back 621 01:06:31.890 --> 01:06:36.570 Jessica Sams: From that for just one second, because I feel like you really like that strategy, you're 622 01:06:36.810 --> 01:06:43.140 Jessica Sams: Claiming. It's one of the most difficult things, which it is, but like I also feel like that shows up in a lot of your con lanes. 623 01:06:44.250 --> 01:06:47.430 Jessica Sams: And so I feel like that's something that you majorly appreciate 624 01:06:47.910 --> 01:06:50.220 Jessica Sams: We can move on. After that, I just wanted to point that out. 625 01:06:51.900 --> 01:07:09.120 David J. Peterson: It's, it's one of the things that's most beautiful and language. I mean, just the fact that you have these really weird patterns that sometimes you have to memorize and sometimes seem to hint at either deeper structure or a history that you can no longer access 626 01:07:09.510 --> 01:07:10.530 David J. Peterson: That's the cool thing. 627 01:07:11.490 --> 01:07:15.270 David J. Peterson: I mean, if it was all just very cookie cutter than what would be the point, it wouldn't be fun. 628 01:07:17.730 --> 01:07:27.090 David J. Peterson: Anyway, but yeah. Also the semantics of it sometimes get weird. Like, you can add that prefix to the lower of herbs and Ken a basic transitive for 629 01:07:29.940 --> 01:07:32.010 Jessica Sams: Okay, so it's sort of 630 01:07:33.360 --> 01:07:41.130 Jessica Sams: Interesting. I was going to try to put a name to it, but I'm not even going to, but you can add this what you had said was like a passive prefix. 631 01:07:41.670 --> 01:07:42.000 David J. Peterson: Yeah. 632 01:07:42.120 --> 01:07:42.540 Jessica Sams: With it's like 633 01:07:42.930 --> 01:07:43.530 Everywhere. 634 01:07:45.240 --> 01:07:46.830 David J. Peterson: Everywhere. Yeah. 635 01:07:47.280 --> 01:07:49.950 Jessica Sams: And it turns it into a transitive style for okay 636 01:07:50.430 --> 01:07:52.740 David J. Peterson: Yeah, if I'm yeah yes it does. 637 01:07:53.760 --> 01:07:54.390 David J. Peterson: And then 638 01:07:55.830 --> 01:08:15.660 David J. Peterson: It could also be added to certain intransitive verbs and it does you know things. So it's kind of like there is it like in order to really learn the language and to speak it into use it effectively. There is a lot of memorization involved in terms of how words are used. 639 01:08:16.860 --> 01:08:24.150 David J. Peterson: And comparatively speaking not much to learn when it comes to the actual grammatical alterations, or things like that. 640 01:08:24.180 --> 01:08:35.940 David J. Peterson: Okay, um, it's really a small number of things that are fairly manageable and then after that, it's like okay this is exactly how the grammar works. You say, Okay, so then I can say this. No, that's not what it means. 641 01:08:37.020 --> 01:08:38.190 David J. Peterson: Since well for a while. 642 01:08:38.430 --> 01:08:38.610 But 643 01:08:42.060 --> 01:08:45.450 Jessica Sams: That is great. So, and that's, I think, one of the 644 01:08:46.680 --> 01:08:55.200 Jessica Sams: Funniest parts of, you know, learning language. You just got to not be afraid. I guess to say really off the wall things because something's gonna go wrong. 645 01:08:56.400 --> 01:09:02.040 Jessica Sams: And we actually have a friend who is Bulgarian and he's a cellist 646 01:09:02.550 --> 01:09:07.260 Jessica Sams: And so we have gone to see him perform and afterwards I wanted 647 01:09:07.260 --> 01:09:12.660 Jessica Sams: To tell him that it was a beautiful concert. And so, you know, I have Google Translate in my pocket. 648 01:09:12.930 --> 01:09:13.680 Jessica Sams: Figure this out. 649 01:09:14.340 --> 01:09:18.840 Jessica Sams: So, right. So I went up to him after the concert 650 01:09:18.900 --> 01:09:20.130 Jessica Sams: And I told him what I 651 01:09:20.250 --> 01:09:21.480 Jessica Sams: Thought meant 652 01:09:21.540 --> 01:09:31.110 Jessica Sams: Beautiful concert in Bulgarian and he came to the weirdest look and it took him a minute because you know he knows English well enough that 653 01:09:31.170 --> 01:09:31.440 David J. Peterson: Like 654 01:09:31.470 --> 01:09:33.660 Jessica Sams: He was able to figure out 655 01:09:34.200 --> 01:09:34.620 What 656 01:09:35.820 --> 01:09:42.150 Jessica Sams: What I met but the word that I use can only be used to call somebody 657 01:09:42.150 --> 01:09:49.590 Jessica Sams: Handsome and so it like I think at first he was like trying to figure out if I was calling him handsome during the cons. 658 01:09:50.730 --> 01:09:54.630 Jessica Sams: Like what was going on. But yeah, you apparently weren't supposed to do that. 659 01:09:56.640 --> 01:09:59.940 Jessica Sams: So you've totally froze. By the way, are you back. 660 01:10:00.990 --> 01:10:01.440 David J. Peterson: Let 661 01:10:02.190 --> 01:10:07.020 David J. Peterson: Let me tell you what I just experienced because it's kind of fun. 662 01:10:08.520 --> 01:10:21.210 David J. Peterson: You, you said and I, of course, said Google Translate and so BUZZ BUZZ BUZZ robot robot robot robot robot and then basically, the last thing you said where it's like, well, obviously, that was something you were supposed to do. 663 01:10:22.650 --> 01:10:23.340 Jessica Sams: Exactly. 664 01:10:24.060 --> 01:10:25.260 David J. Peterson: That was, that was it. 665 01:10:27.180 --> 01:10:27.660 Jessica Sams: Well, 666 01:10:27.780 --> 01:10:29.070 Jessica Sams: I think that the record. 667 01:10:29.250 --> 01:10:31.710 Jessica Sams: Probably picked up what I was saying. So I'll tell you. 668 01:10:34.260 --> 01:10:39.420 Jessica Sams: About that that would be enough. I think though this may be an appropriate time to wrap up. 669 01:10:39.930 --> 01:10:52.050 Jessica Sams: today's podcast and to your internet has been, it has been. I've been watching the bars go yellow and red much more frequently here near the end. So it may be signal, yet it's ready to give up. 670 01:10:54.000 --> 01:11:03.540 Jessica Sams: But I'm glad it stuck out this long and that we were able to talk today about some amazing languages that we have here. 671 01:11:05.940 --> 01:11:06.270 Jessica Sams: Here. 672 01:11:08.640 --> 01:11:11.940 Jessica Sams: I was like, I feel like I was gonna say something else. But I have no idea what 673 01:11:12.660 --> 01:11:14.910 David J. Peterson: So I still waiting with bated breath. 674 01:11:14.910 --> 01:11:15.210 And 675 01:11:17.100 --> 01:11:27.090 Jessica Sams: I'll just repeat my last word until I figure out where I'm going. Thank you for listening, along with us today and we hope you enjoyed and stay grammar. 676 01:11:28.800 --> 01:11:29.100 David J. Peterson: Right. 677 01:11:29.220 --> 01:11:29.970 Jessica Sams: David waved 678 01:11:34.050 --> 01:11:37.020 Jessica Sams: Oh, where's my recording. There it is.